Bioart centres on the artistic investigation of biotechnology and raises complex ethical issues, such as those relating to the patenting and sale of genes. At the same time, genetic engineering is transforming forever our notions of and relationships to life forms including our own. Moreover, the discipline of biological studies is increasingly changing from a life science into an information science. For instance, "biosemiotics' is an interdisciplinary science that studies communication and signification in living systems. Contemporary artists have responded to these changes by working with transgenics, cloning, inter and intraspecies communication, reproductive technologies, genotype and phenotype reprogramming, tissue culture engineering and hybridization techniques that reconfigure the borders of artwork and life.